Benign prostatic hyperplasia  Alfuzosin

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) also known as nodular hyperplasia, benign prostatic hypertrophy (technically a misnomer) or benign enlargement of the prostate (BEP) refers to the increase in size of the prostate in middle-aged and elderly men. To be accurate, the process is one of hyperplasia rather than hypertrophy, but the nomenclature is often interchangeable, even amongst urologists. It is characterized by hyperplasia of prostatic stromal and epithelial cells, resulting in the formation of large, fairly discrete nodules in the periurethral region of the prostate. When sufficiently large, the nodules compress the urethral canal to cause partial, or sometimes virtually complete, obstruction of the urethra, which interferes the normal flow of urine. It leads to symptoms of urinary hesitancy, frequent urination, dysuria (painful urination), increased risk of urinary tract infections and urinary retention. Although prostate specific antigen levels may be elevated in these patients because of increased organ volume and inflammation due to urinary tract infections, BPH is not considered to be a premalignant lesion. Adenomatous prostatic growth is believed to begin at approximately age 30 years. An estimated 50% of men have histologic evidence of BPH by age 50 years and 75% by age 80 years. In 40-50% of these patients, BPH becomes clinically significant.

Cranial Diabetes insipidus Desmopressin tablets or nasal spray

Diabetes insipidus is a rare condition where the body cannot retain enough water. It occurs in approximately one in 25,000 people and can affect anyone of any age.It is a disease characterized by excretion of large amounts of severely diluted urine, which cannot be reduced when fluid intake is reduced. It denotes inability of the kidney to concentrate urine. DI is caused by a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, or by an insensitivity of the kidneys to that hormone. Cranial diabetes insipidus occurs when the body doesn't produce enough ADH. This may be the result of a tumour in the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, infection, radiotherapy, surgery to the gland or a head injury.

Enuresis nocturna  Desmopressin tablets

Enuresis nocturna, also called Bedwetting, is involuntary urination while asleep after the age at which bladder control would normally be anticipated. Primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) is when a child has not yet stayed dry on a regular basis. Secondary nocturnal enuresis (SNE) is when a child or adult begins wetting again after having stayed dry. Bedwetting is the most common pediatric-health issue. Studies show that parents become worried too quickly because they expect children to stay dry too early. Most girls can stay dry by age six and most boys stay dry by age seven. By ten years old, 95% of children are dry at night. Studies place adult bedwetting rates at between 0.5% to 2.3%. Most bedwetting is a developmental delay, not an emotional problem or physical illness. Only a small percentage (5% to 10%) of bedwetting cases are caused by specific medical situations. Bedwetting is frequently associated with a family history of the condition.